====== Booting into a "powersaving" version of Ubuntu ======
{{:linux:powersave_ubuntu.png?nolink |Ubuntu Powersaving}}
In this article I will explain how to boot into different environments with the same operative system ([[http://www.ubuntu.com|Ubuntu]] in this case) from the grub bootloader.

I wanted this setup to have an option in the boot menu to load a light and powersaving environment in my laptop, so I can use it on trains or air planes without AC outlet as long as I can.

Also you can use this setup to have, for example, a standard Ubuntu, a Media Center Ubuntu (using Elisa or XBMC), a Text Console Ubuntu (for maintenance duties), a GNOME Ubuntu, a KDE Ubuntu, etc...
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===== Example =====
Grub menu:
<code>
 ---------------------------------------------
 |                                           |
 |                GRUB MENU                  |
 |                                           |
 |   - Ubuntu                                |
 |   - Ubuntu Powersave                      |
 |   - Ubuntu Powersave (no wifi)            |
 |   - Windows                               |
 |                                           |
 |             Please select...              |
 |                                           |
 ---------------------------------------------
</code>
Each of the Ubuntu selections will boot the same Ubuntu OS, but with different environments by default. "Ubuntu" will load the standard GNOME environent, "Ubuntu Powersave" will load a Openbox session, and "Ubuntu Powersave (no wifi)" will load Openbox without wireless networking enabled.
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===== Overview of needed changes =====
  * Modify upstart behaviour to allow booting into different runlevels using boot parameters.
  * Add new options to grub's menu.lst
  * Set up a light and powersaving runlevel (disable services, etc.)
  * Install lightweight software which doesn't consume too much power.
  * Some final tweaks (disabling some drivers on boot, OS perfomance tweaks)
\\

===== Modifying upstart to allow boot parameters =====
[[http://upstart.ubuntu.com/|Upstart]] is the default init daemon in Ubuntu, which means it is the program that manages which services must be loaded at boot time. In the old System-V init you could tell in which [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel|runlevel]] you wanted to boot, but upstart hasn't that option.

So what we need is to modify Ubuntu's default upstart to allow booting into different runlevels (by default, Ubuntu boots into runlevel 2).

Ok, let's start working. We need to edit **''/etc/event.d/rc-default''**. Open that file (as root) and change its content to this:
<code bash>
# rc - runlevel compatibility
#
# This task guesses what the "default runlevel" should be and starts the
# appropriate script.

start on stopped rcS

script
	runlevel --reboot || true

	if grep -q -- "init [2-5S]" /proc/cmdline; then
	    RL="$(sed -ne 's/.*init \([2-5S]\).*/\1/;p' /proc/cmdline || true)"
	    if [ -n "$RL" ]; then
	        telinit $RL
	    else
	    	telinit 2
	    fi
	    
	elif grep -q -w -- "-s\|single\|S" /proc/cmdline; then
	    telinit S
	    
	elif [ -r /etc/inittab ]; then
	    RL="$(sed -n -e "/^id:[0-9]*:initdefault:/{s/^id://;s/:.*//;p}" /etc/inittab || true)"
	    if [ -n "$RL" ]; then
			telinit $RL
	    else
			telinit 2
	    fi
	    
	else
	    telinit 2
	fi

end script
</code>

With this new **''[[http://www.infinicode.org/code/ubuntu/boot_powersaving/rc-default|rc-default]]''**, upstart can now boot into different runlevels. You just need to add **''init 3''** to the desired grub's menu.lst file to boot into runlevel 3.
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===== Modifying grub's menu.lst =====
Now we need to add the to the boot menu a new option to load into a runlevel different from the default one.

So open **''/boot/grub/menu.lst''** as root, copy your default boot option, which should look like:
<code>
title		Ubuntu 8.04.1, kernel 2.6.24-21-generic
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-21-generic root=UUID=your_root_partition_uuid ro quiet splash
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-21-generic
quiet
</code>

And paste it with some changes:

<code>
title		Ubuntu GNU/Linux (Powersaving)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-21-generic  root=UUID=your_root_partition_uuid ro quiet init 3
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-21-generic
quiet
</code>
Plase note that I've removed the ''splash'' option, as I don't want the graphical progress bar on boot, and more important **''init 3''**, which will tell upstart to boot into runlevel 3.

So now, if you restart your computer, you will be able to boot into the //Ubuntu Powersaving// mode. Everything will load as the default option, because we haven't changed to contents of the runlevel 3 (will do in next step), but you can check that eveything's ok running on a terminal:
<note term>$ runlevel
$ N 3</note>
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===== Setting up a clean runlevel 3 =====
Now we're going to clean up the runlevel 3 to make it a bit faster on boot, and more powersaving. Note that this changes are good to me, but maybe you will need others.

First thing I did was mimc the default runlevel 2 in runlevel 3 (in Ubuntu they are a but different).
<note term>$ cd /etc/rc3.d/
$ sudo rm *
$ sudo cp -a ../rc2.d/* .</note>

Now you have to remove unnecessary services. You can do it by hand (deleting or removing execute permissions) or using the nifty **''sysv-rc-conf''**, which is a console editor for runlevel services.
<note term>$ sudo apt-get install sysv-rc-conf
$ sudo sysv-rc-conf --s 3</note>

In my system, I have these enabled:
<code>/etc/rc3.d/S01policykit
/etc/rc3.d/S05vbesave
/etc/rc3.d/S10acpid
/etc/rc3.d/S10powernowd.early
/etc/rc3.d/S10sysklogd
/etc/rc3.d/S11klogd
/etc/rc3.d/S12dbus
/etc/rc3.d/S20apmd
/etc/rc3.d/S20atieventsd
/etc/rc3.d/S20hddtemp
/etc/rc3.d/S20hotkey-setup
/etc/rc3.d/S20makedev
/etc/rc3.d/S20powernowd
/etc/rc3.d/S20smartmontools
/etc/rc3.d/S24hal
/etc/rc3.d/S25pulseaudio
/etc/rc3.d/S99acpi-support
/etc/rc3.d/S99laptop-mode
/etc/rc3.d/S99rc.local
/etc/rc3.d/S99rmnologin
/etc/rc3.d/S99stop-readahead</code>

Note that I'm not using any graphical login (GDM), so I need to login in text mode, and then use **''startx''** to use a GUI.
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===== Installing lightweight software =====
In my laptop, I'm using:
  * Window manager: [[http://icculus.org/openbox/|Openbox]], which is light and highly configurable.
  * Panel: I'm using [[http://www.xfce.org/projects/xfce4-panel/|xfce4-panel]], but others like [[http://pypanel.sourceforge.net/|PyPanel]] or [[http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/perlpanel|PerlPanel]].
  * Desktop icons: I don't like desktop icons, but a lightweight way of having them is using [[http://idesk.sourceforge.net/|iDesk]].

If you google a bit, you'll find many guides on how to use really light software.

You can read how I configured my Openbox environment [[linux:setup_openbox|here]].
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===== Final performance tweaks =====
<note>These are just suggestions, as my hardware configuration may be different from yours.</note>

To finish, I've made some tweaks to my system to disable some drivers (bluetooth and wireless network) and some os tricks to spend less power. 

I've created a script which runs at boot time which disables ''hdi_usb'' (bluetooth) and ''ipw2200'' (wifi). It also runs some commands which were advised by **''powertop''**, an utility which helps you to save power.

Here's the script:
<code bash>#! /bin/sh -e

# Get lsb functions
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
. /etc/default/rcS

# Disable Bluetooth if requested
if grep -q -w "nobt" /proc/cmdline; then
	log_begin_msg "Disabling Bluetooth..."
	hciconfig hci0 down
	rmmod hci_usb
	rmmod bluetooth
	log_end_msg $?
fi
	
# Disable wireless if requested
if grep -q -w "nowifi" /proc/cmdline; then
	log_begin_msg "Disabling Wireless..."
	ifconfig wlan0 down
	rmmod ipw2200
	rmmod ieee80211
	killall wpa_supplicant
	log_end_msg $?
fi

# Fix dirty writeback
log_begin_msg "Fix dirty writeback..."
echo 1500 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
log_end_msg $?

# Sound card power save
log_begin_msg "Sound card power save..."
echo 1 > /sys/module/snd_ac97_codec/parameters/power_save
log_end_msg $?</code>

I saved this script as ''[[http://infinicode.org/code/ubuntu/boot_powersaving/S30powersaving_mode|S30powersaving_mode]]'' and add it to the default scripts to run at boot.
<note term>$ chmod 755 S30powersaving_mode
$ sudo mv S30powersaving_mode /etc/init.d/
$ cd /etc/rc3.d/
$ sudo ln -s ../init.d/S30powersaving_mode</note>

To disable bluetooth or wireless at startup, you have to use **''nobt''** or **''nowifi''** in the kernel line in your grub's menu.lst.

Mine looks like this:
<code>title		Ubuntu GNU/Linux (Powersave No Wifi)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/vmlinuz root=UUID=mi_uuid ro quiet init 3 nobt nowifi
initrd		/initrd.img
quiet</code>
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===== Conclusion =====
So now you have a way to log in your computer and save some battery power. Hope everything's work as expected. And remember, **[[http://www.infinicode.org/blog/2008/10/09/booting-into-a-powersaving-version-of-ubuntu/|comments are welcome!]]**

References:
  * [[http://caulfield.info/emmet/2008/03/add-a-textonly-runlevel-to-ubu.html|Add a text only runlevel to Ubuntu]]
  * [[http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-kernel-70/passing-a-custom-parameter-to-the-kernel-587787/|Passing a custom parameter to the kernel]]